Tuneable laser

ABSTRACT

A tuneable laser including a light creating section to generate light and a tuneable section formed of a semiconductor material which utilises the current injection free electron plasma effect to achieve a change in the refractive index of the material, wherein the tuneable section has a plurality of quantum dots having enhanced polarsability compared to the bulk semiconductor material surrounding the quantum dots.

This invention relates to tuneable lasers and has particular reference to such tuneable lasers having a tuneable portion incorporating quantum dots.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In this specification the term “light” will be used in the sense that it is used in optical systems to mean not just visible light but also electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 800 nanometres (mu) and 3000 nm.

Single wavelength lasers are important for a number of applications in optical telecommunications and signal processing applications. These include multiple channel optical telecommunications networks using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Such networks can provide advanced features, such as wavelength routing, wavelength conversion, adding and dropping of channels and wavelength manipulation in much the same way as in time slot manipulation in time division multiplexed systems. Many of these systems operate in the C- and L-Bands in the range 1530 to 1600 nm.

Tuneable lasers for use in such optical communications systems, particularly in connection with the WDM telecommunication systems, are known. A known tuneable system comprises stacks of single wavelength distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) lasers, which can be individually selected, or tuned over a narrow range, or by a wide tuning range tuneable laser that can be electronically driven to provide the wavelength required.

In all of these tuneable lasers, reliance is placed on altering the refractive index of the tuning element of the laser by an external action to enable different wavelengths of the laser to be selected to satisfy the necessary lasing conditions. Three main methods of varying the refractive index have been proposed and used. In one method, the free electron plasma effect can be used by free carrier injection, that is by passing an electric current through the tuning section. In such a laser it is not the actual flow of electrons as such through the material which causes the effect, rather it is the variation in the numbers of electrons present in the material which matters. The passage of the current is the way in which additional electrons are injected into the material. Such a laser has therefore to be constructed and adapted in a manner well known per se by having a low resistance so as to permit current to flow through the relevant part of the laser.

In a second method, the fundamental band-gap can be changed by thermal heating. In a third method electro-refraction modification can be brought about using the electro-optic effect. In the latter case, an electrical field is established across the tuning section, which changes the refractive index of the section and thus alters the wavelength of the light as it passes through the tuning section. In such a case the structure of the tuning section is such that it has a high resistance to the passage of an electrical current in response to an applied voltage, so that a field is established rather than significant quantities of current flowing.

Each of the tuning systems has advantages and drawbacks. In particular the thermal tuning scheme is very slow, the current tuning scheme has its speed limited by thermal heating effects and the electro refraction scheme has limited bandwidth of modulation, and large output power variation as a function of wavelength.

Preferably all tuning should be fast, it should consume as little energy as possible and it should provide as broad wavelength tuning as possible, ideally covering the C- and the L-bands, without the output power variation. In the current injection tuning mechanism, the refractive index is modified through the change of the electronic contribution to the dielectric function due to the presence of the electrons in the injection current. At the same time, the injected current creates Joule heating, which dissipates in the device active region. As a result of this, the real wavelength switching speed of the laser device will be determined by the relatively long characteristic time of the heat dissipation, rather than by the electric current switching speed. The thermal dissipation effects can be decreased through device optimisation but cannot be eliminated. The thermally induced band-gap change has similar limitations.

The use of the electro-optic effect relies on the applied voltage rather than injected current and avoids excess heating and long thermal time constants. However, the low refractive index change available in technologically suitable materials, e.g. GaAs and other III-V seminconductors, is the main obstacle to its practical utilisation.

In recent years a great deal of interest has been shown, both theoretically and practically, in quantum well, quantum wire, and quantum dot containing materials. However, there is as yet no universally accepted and adopted nomenclature for these types of materials, for example these types of materials are sometimes referred to as low dimensional carrier confinement materials and other terms are also used. For clarity, therefore, in this specification there will be used three defined terms: quantum wells, which will be referred to as QWs; quantum wires; and quantum dots, which will be referred to as QDs.

In this specification the term QW is used to mean a material having a layer of narrow band-gap material sandwiched between layers of wide band-gap material, with the layer of the narrow band-gap material having a thickness d_(x) of the order of the de Broglie wavelength λ_(dB) and the other two dimensions d_(y) and d_(z) of the layer of narrow band-gap material being very much greater than λ_(dB). Within such a structure, the electrons are constrained in the x dimension but are free to move in the y and z dimensions. Typically for a III-V As based materials the thickness of the layer for a QW material would be in the range ˜50 Å to ˜300 Å.

If now the thickness of the layer d_(x) is reduced to a minimum to give the QW effect, then there is only room in the QW for one energy level for the electrons. An overall QW may have some regions of one energy level only and some regions of a few energy levels.

If the QW is now considered as having a second dimension, say d_(y), cut down to the size ˜λ_(dB), so that both d_(x) and d_(y) are ˜λ_(dB) and only d_(z) is very much greater than λ_(dB), then the electrons are constrained in two dimension and thus there is, in effect, created a line in which the electrons can freely move in one dimension only, and this is referred to herein as a quantum wire.

If now the quantum wire is further constrained so that d_(z) is also ˜λ_(dB), then the electrons are constrained within a very small volume and have zero dimension to move in. This is called herein a quantum dot (QD).

Thus if d_(x), d_(y), and d_(z) are all very much greater than λ_(dB) the material is simply considered as a bulk material with no quantum effects of the type discussed herein. If d_(x)˜λ_(dB) there is provided a quantum well, QW. If d_(x), d_(y)˜λ_(dB), there is provided a quantum wire, and if d_(x), d_(y), and d_(z)˜λ_(dB), then there is provided a quantum dot, QD.

The technology for producing QWs is well known but quantum wires have yet to be produced on a commercial scale. In practise they have been formed in the laboratory by electrically constraining a QW structure with electrical fields or by so-called V-growth, but these are not yet a practical commercially available processes.

The present invention is concerned with the use and application of QD materials in current injection tuneable lasers. Production processes for QD materials are well established. Two main processes have been developed, chemical etching and self-assembly, and the self-assembly process will be explained in more detail below.

QD materials have been widely suggested for use in lasers, see for example D Bimberg et al, Novel Infrared Quantum Dot Lasers: Theory and Reality, phys. stat. sol. (b) 224, No. 3, 787-796 (2001). Principally they have been suggested for use in the light creating lasing section of a current injection laser because they can produce light of a very narrowly defined wavelength, with a very low threshold current and QD materials have a very high characteristic temperature so as to give a temperature stable laser emitter. Because of these very significant benefits, most of the work on QD materials in laser applications has concentrated on their use in the emitter.

APPLICATIONS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is not directed to the use of QD materials in laser emitters, but is directed to the use of QD materials in the tuning section of a tuneable laser.

QDs are little boxes of narrow band-gap material formed inside the bulk semi-conductor material. They confine the weakly bound electrons and their corresponding holes (in the valence band) and do not allow them to conduct. They are, in essence, artificial atoms.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

By the present invention there is provided a tuneable laser including a light creating section to generate light and a tuneable section formed of a semiconductor material which utilises the current injection free electron plasma effect, wherein the tuneable section contains a plurality of quantum dots having enhanced polarisability compared to the bulk semiconductor material surrounding the quantum dots.

The tuneable section may be the tuning section of the laser, and may incorporate a distributed Bragg reflector.

The tuneable laser may incorporate a phase change section and the phase change section may be a tuneable section.

The semiconductor material may be a III-V semiconductor material, which may be based on a system selected from the group GaAs based, InAs based materials and InP based materials.

The laser may comprise a combination of gain sections, phase sections and tuning sections and thereby be a three or four section laser, or have more than four sections.

The quantum dots are self-assembled quantum dots in which the self-assembled quantum dots may be formed of InAs based material in host GaAs based semiconductor material. The host material may be formed on a GaAs substrate.

The self-assembled quantum dots may be formed of InGaAs based material in host GaAs based semiconductor material which host material may be formed on a GaAs substrate.

The self-assembled quantum dots may be formed of InAs based material in host InGaAsP based semiconductor material which host material may be formed on an InP substrate.

The self-assembled quantum dots may be formed of InGaAs based material in host InGaAsP based semiconductor material which host material may be formed on an InP substrate.

Alternatively, the quantum dots may be formed by a chemical etching process.

There may be a plurality of layers of quantum dots.

A method of operating a tuneable laser as set out above in which the laser has a forward bias with the p-layer of the laser connected positively and the n-layer connected negatively.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:

FIG. 1 a. is a schematic cross section of a two section tuneable laser

FIG. 1 b. is a schematic cross section of a three section tuneable laser, and

FIG. 1 c. is a schematic cross section of an alternative three section tuneable laser.

Semiconductor tuneable lasers are known in the art. The principals of tuneable lasers are described in chapters 4 and 5 of “Tuneable Laser Diodes”, by Markus-Christian Amann and Jens Bus, ISBN 0-89006-963-8, published by Artech House, Inc.

Referring to FIG. 1 a., this shows schematically in cross section a first embodiment two-section Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) tuneable laser, which can be used to demonstrate how the invention can be put into effect.

The laser comprises a gain section 1, and a tuning section 3 incorporating a DBR grating. At the front of the gain section on the opposite side to the tuning section is a partially reflecting mirror 4, which reflects at all operating wavelengths. The laser works by injecting current through an electrode 1 a into the gain section 1 and through a common return electrode 10 to create the carrier population inversion and cause the gain section to emit light. This light is reflected by the tuning section 3, which reflects at the lasing wavelength, and by the mirror 4, so as to build up into laser light at the wavelength of the reflection from the DBR grating, in a manner well known per se. The laser light is emitted from the front of the laser in the direction of the arrow 6. A common optical waveguide 8 formed of a material having a refractive index at zero current of n₁ operates across the whole longitudinal lasing cavity of the device. The rear facet 7 of the laser is anti-reflection coated so that it does not produce any secondary reflections, which would disturb the desired operation of the longitudinal lasing cavity formed between the tuning section and the front mirror 4. Typically a tap of laser light from the rear facet 7 may be used in wavelength locker applications.

The tuning section 3 contains a DBR grating formed between a layer of material 9 a of a refractive index n₂ and an upper layer of material 9 b having a refractive index n₃ which is lower than the refractive index n₂ of the layer 9 a. The refractive indices n₂ and n₃ are both lower than refractive index n₁. The DBR grating itself if defined by the boundary between the two layers 9 a and 9 b. It is formed by laying down layer 9 a upon waveguide layer 8, photo etching the layer 9 a in the manner well known per se, for example using electron beam writing techniques or phase mask holographic techniques as though it were any other material, and then laying down the upper layer 9 b onto the layer 9 a which has the DBR grating interface etched into it.

The pitch of the grating formed between layers 9 a and 9 b can he determined by the Bragg condition λ=2n_(eff)Λ  (1) where λ is wavelength, n_(eff) is the effective refractive index of the waveguide material. In some cases, see below, n_(eff) may not be exactly the same as n₁. Λ is the pitch for first order gratings, which are preferred as they provide the strongest coupling.

As is well known, if a current is passed via electrode 3 a, the effective refractive index of the grating and the active material immediately underneath the electrode is decreased and hence the wavelength of the grating can be current tuned. The tuneable laser shown in FIG. 1 a. is in the most basic form. A preferred embodiment is shown in FIG. 1 b. Common integers have been used for equivalent functionality for all embodiments described.

FIG. 1 b shows schematically in cross section a three-section DBR tuneable laser. The laser comprises a gain section 1, a phase change section 2 and a tuning section 3. At the front of the gain section on the opposite side to the phase change 2 is a partially reflecting mirror 4, which reflects at all operating wavelengths. The laser works by injecting current through an electrode 1 a into the gain section 1 and through the common return electrode 10 to create the carrier population inversion and cause the gain section to emit light. This light is reflected by the tuning section 3, which reflects at the lasing wavelength, and by the partially reflecting mirror 4, so as to build up into laser light at the wavelength of the reflection from the tuning section. The laser light is emitted from the front of the laser in the direction of the arrow 6. The phase matching section 2 is used to maintain a constant longitudinal optical cavity length and thereby prevent mode hoping. The phase section has its own independent electrode 2 a. Similarly, the tuning section 3 has its own independent electrode 3 a.

Those of ordinary skill will appreciate that the architecture of FIG. 1 b., may be modified to an alternative preferred embodiment as shown in FIG. 1 c., wherein the tuning section and gain section have been interchanged. In this architecture the rear facet 7 a would be coated for high reflectivity to act as a mirror. In this arrangement the front mirror 4 a would be designed for very high transmission and minimal reflectivity so that operationally the cavity defined by 4 a and 7 a, would be negated by the dynamics of the cavity defined by 7 a and the tuning section 3. Each of the sections 1, 2 and 3 in this design has its own independent electrodes 1 a, 2 a and 3 a respectively.

It will be appreciated that as well as two and three section longitudinal semiconductor tuneable lasers there are other classes of design such as the four-section laser discussed in GB2337135B. In the main these higher order tuneable laser design use alternative mirror arrangements in place of the front facet mirror. In so far as these alternative mirror arrangements rely upon the material refractive index to determine the operating wavelength, so this invention may be used with these higher order tuneable laser designs.

In a similar manner to the electrical drive of the tuning section so the phase section can be electrically driven to make fine-tuning control.

It will be appreciated that, so far, no reference has been made to the tuning section containing QDs.

As mentioned above, QD structures effectively comprise a plurality of small, notionally zero dimension regions, in a host of bulk semiconductor material. These regions are capable of capturing and confining carriers (electrons and/or holes) as described in “Quantum Dot Heterostructures” by D. Bimberg, M. Grundmann and N. N. Ledentsov, published by Wiley, Chichester 1999, chapter 1. The mechanism of the enhanced polarisability of the QDs is described below.

Two main methods of producing QD structures have been developed and are described in chapter 2 of the above reference. The first is to produce a flat relatively thick layer of bulk wide band-gap material and to deposit on it a thin layer of narrow band-gap material each of appropriately chosen lattice constant and band-gap. The thin layer of narrow band-gap material is then covered with a layer of photo-resist, and exposed to form a pattern of dots. The unwanted material is then chemically etched away and the photo-resist is then stripped off. Another thick layer of bulk material is applied and the process is repeated as often as is required.

A preferred alternative method for forming the QDs is however the self-assembly method (SAQDs) as described in chapter 4 the Bimberg, Grundmnann and Ledentsov reference above. In this process a thin layer of, for example, InAs is grown rapidly onto a wetting layer on a thick bulk layer of, for example, GaAs. This can be done using either molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). MOVPE is also sometimes called metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD).

The amount of the InAs is so controlled as to exceed a critical thickness at which point the grown layer splits into isolated dots as a consequence of the strain between the InAs and the GaAs, of our example, and the growth conditions. These dots can be further overgrown by a further layer of GaAs, and then further InAs dots grown as described. This can be repeated for a plurality of layers. This results in a plurality of layers of individual quantum dots (QD).

MOVPE can be used, as is known, to create QDs on an industrial scale. The QDs are self-assembling and typically contain a few thousand of atoms and are normally very flattened pyramids. The ratio of the pyramid base, d, to their height, h, is normally in the range of 5 to 100. Since they are self-assembling, the dimensions of each dot cannot be separately controlled however, it is known that the average size and density of dots can be controlled technologically and manufactured reproducibly.

Set out below is how such QDs can be used to enhance the effectiveness of a current injection tuneable laser in accordance with the invention.

In a semiconductor, the core electrons stay on the lattice, whilst the valence electrons go off into the conduction band and become conduction electrons if they attain an energy level sufficient to pass across the band-gap. These electrons are free to move throughout the material and provide electrical conduction.

All current injection tuneable lasers known to date exploit the free electron plasma effect in order to change the refractive index of the material in a tuning section. The effect takes place only if the electron gas has at least one degree of freedom for a free electron motion. In the case of the carriers confined in a quantum dot there is no degree of freedom at all due to complete localisation of the electrons within small volume. As a result there is no plasma effect in quantum dots as opposed to the case of bulk or quantum wells/wires. In consequence it would seem that current injection techniques could not be used to tune lasers which operate on the current injection principle.

However, at the same time, injection of additional electrons into the quantum dots will change the polarisability of the dots and therefore the refractive index of the material incorporating quantum dots. This is a completely novel way of modification of the refractive index of material with quantum dots. The advantage of the invention is that it should provide considerably larger change of the refractive index of the material under the same injection current as compared with present current tuneable lasers. Additionally it is considered possible in principle to combine in a tuneable laser both contributions to the refractive index change due to the plasma effect and due to the incorporation of quantum dots. This is because the fraction of the injected carriers which are not captured (or “fall”) into the quantum dots will contribute to the refractive index change through the conventional plasma effect, and the fraction of the captured electrons will change the refractive index due to enhancement of the polarisability of the quantum dots as described above.

If current is injected into a semiconductor material having a refractive index of n₀ then the refractive index will change by an amount Δn to a new value n, where n=n₀+Δn. In the case of current injection with current I, Δn=n₀ [f(I)], where f is a complex function. However, in practice, f can be considered to be such a value that Δn is approximately directly proportional to I but, additionally, the value of Δn is such that Δn is very small compared to n₀.

Because Δn is small compared to n₀, any changes effected by varying the current injected are also small.

When light is passed through a material it inter-reacts with the atoms forming the material and polarizes the atoms, setting up oscillating waves of background charge—the frequency of such oscillating waves is known as the plasma frequency, ω_(p), of the material. ω_(p) ² is proportional to N_(e), where N_(e) is the electron density within the material. Thus the light responds to the polarization of the atoms, the more electrons the greater the polarization and thus the more electrons the greater the change in the refractive index of the material.

In a QD material the conduction electrons on atoms within a quantum dot cannot get away from the quantum dots, as they cannot attain sufficient energy to overcome the additional confinement energy of the quantum dot. The outer band electrons are confined to the dot and are not free to move through the host semiconductor material and provide electrical conduction. Effectively such QDs behave like large atoms.

When an external current is passed through the structure of a semi-conductor containing QDs, the electrons are captured by the QDs enhancing the inter-reaction between the light, the electric field of the light distorts the atoms and it is this distortion that actually causes linear variation of the refractive index. In a bulk material the light polarises the atoms by interacting with the valence electrons, which are strongly bound to the nucleus of the atoms, so the polarisation is relatively small. However, in a QD where additional electrons are locked into the dot, the QD behaves like a very large artificial atom. The dot is therefore a very highly polarisable artificial atom and Δn is increased. Since the polarisability of the artificial atom increases as a function of the number of electrons injected, Ne, the greater the current the more electrons are injected and the greater the effect on Δn. This unique characteristic of quantum dots (QD) distinguishes them over all other bulk, quantum well or quantum wire semiconductor materials.

An injected current passing through the tuneable section of the laser will exploit the free plasma effect in the bulk (non QD material) in the conventional manner. However, the current will also polarise the QDs and thus increase the variation of the refractive index. Thus two effects will be occurring simultaneously.

Since in absolute terms ω_(p) is very small compared to ω, the frequency of the light, and the additional polarisability of the artificial (dot) atoms is small compared to the total polarisability of the solid semiconductor material then Δn will be very small compared to n₀, thus as n_(eff)=n₀+Δn then n_(eff) will be very close to n₀.

This means that although QDs will significantly affect the amount of change in the refractive index of the material containing the QDs, their presence will not significantly affect the absolute value of the refractive index of the material containing the QDs.

It is well known that the bulk of the light passing through the tuneable laser is passing through the waveguide 8. The Bragg grating formed between layers 9 a and 9 b influences only the evanescent tail of the light passing through the laser. Thus it is possible to influence the light passing through the laser by incorporating QDs in either of the layers 9 a or 9 b or within the waveguide itself Whichever layer has the QDs in it will have a significantly greater change of refractive index under the influence of injected current, so that the tuning effect, which relies on the overall change to the effective refractive index n_(eff) of the tuning section as a whole, is significantly increased by the provision of the QDs. For maximum effect the QDs should be located in the region of the material where the optical field is strongest. This would normally be at the high refractive index layer in the waveguide structure.

In addition to the injection of electrons there is a mirror image injection of electron holes into the mirror image of the electron wells that are the QDs.

When a current is passed through the tuneable section, the electrons are initially injected into the bulk material, for example the GaAs material. As a result of the electrons emitting energy by means of non-radiative emission processes, for example by emitting acoustic and/or optical phonons, the energy of the electrons falls. They are very rapidly captured by the quantum dots (on a pico-second time scale). The capture time of the electrons is shorter than the recombination time (see below). The electrons can move into the QDs either directly from the GaAs material or through the wetting layer. The electrons captured initially in the wetting layer continue to lose energy by the processes of emission until they reach the ground state of the dots

The electrons and holes have to recombine to permit the passage of current and the recombination time τ_(r) of the holes and the electrons is of the order of 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹² seconds. The value for τ_(r) for the QDs is about the same as τ_(r) for bulk materials, and as τ_(r) is short compared to the frequency at which the laser is retuned there is no problem in using the QDs in a fast reacting tuneable laser.

As set out above, the variation in the refractive index occasioned by an injection of a given amount of current into a QD layer is much greater than in bulk material. For example, in InAs dots in GaAs the enhancement factor has been reported in the literature to be about 200. Even though current technology permits a packing density such that only 3% of the volume of a structure can be formed of QDs, this still means that the overall increase in the polarisability is 3% of 200, i.e. about six times greater. The effect can be further enhanced by incorporating a plurality of quantum dot layers.

This means that compared to bulk material a QD material would be typically six times or more effective in changing the refractive index compared to bulk semiconductor material operating with current injection and not incorporating QDs for the same amount of current passed.

In a practical application with a tuneable semiconductor laser such QD material used in the tuning section would allow the tunability to be increased to typically six times the wavelength range. This makes the invention a viable mechanism for tuning a semiconductor laser.

Use of an InP substrate for deposition of InAs quantum dots has been considered as one of the attractive methods in order to grow quantum dots in the gain or light creating and emitting section of a laser emitting at 1.55 μm, as described by A Pouchet, A Le Corre, H L'Haridon, B Lambert and A. Salaum, Applied Physics Letters No. 67, 1850 (1995).

The current tuneable lasers for 1.55 μm are also based on InP/InGaAsP material system. Therefore, it is very important from a practical point of view that quantum dots can also be incorporated into the tuneable section(s) of lasers based on the above materials. Although currently there is no experimental evidence to demonstrate growth of InAs quantum dots on the quartemary materials such as for example, InGaAsP, it is believed that there should not be any technological obstacles to realise such a growth. This is because the most important parameter for quantum dots growth is a lattice mismatch between InAs and InGaAsP. Since the InP layer is lattice matched to InGaAsP, this means that the lattice mismatch between InAs and InGaAsP is the same as between InAs and InP. Consequently, realisation of the quantum dots growth in the latter system means that they should also be capable of being grown in the former material system.

Table 1. below summarises the typical combinations that can be used for dots formed in an epitaxially grown host, which surrounds the quantum dots, on a given substrate. TABLE 1 Dot Material Host Material Substrate Material InAs GaAs GaAs InGaAs GaAs GaAs InAs InGaAsP (Quarternary) InP InGaAs InGaAsP (Quarternary) InP

Present technology permits the creation of QDs using a wide range of III-V semiconductor materials. This permits the invention to be used in the tuneable section of lasers based on many otherwise unsuitable materials. The number of stacked layers is only limited by the technology available at the time of utilisation of the invention.

The invention thus permits high wavelength tuning speed, a wide tuning range, low energy consumption for switching operation and wavelength holding, and substantial reduction of the Joule heating effect, as compared to conventional current injection lasers.

By including QD material in the tuning section of the laser, and using current to tune it, it is possible to get the required tuning range of at least 40 nm using significantly less injection current than non QD material implementations up to say 6 times less current. The benefit of this effect is that the lower amount of current required means less heating, which in turn means less power consumption but more importantly less heat, so the change in wavelength response time will be much faster. In addition, less current in the tuning section will lead to lower optical loss improving the output power and efficiency of the laser.

Embodiments of tuneable lasers in which QD material is used in the phase sections are possible. In such an embodiment the phase section can be very much shorter, because the refractive index change is much greater, and thus the optical losses through this section can be reduced. Similarly, tuneable laser structures can be envisaged in which the QD material is used for all tuning sections and phase sections such as occur within four section, or higher order, tuneable lasers. QD material may also be used in the gain section of a tuneable laser as is known in the art. 

1. A tuneable laser, comprising a light creating section to generate light and a tuneable section formed of a semiconductor material which utilizes a current injection free electron plasma effect to achieve a change in a refractive index of the material, wherein the tuneable section has a plurality of quantum dots having enhanced polarisability compared to the semiconductor material surrounding the quantum dots.
 2. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tuneable section is the tuning section of the laser.
 3. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 2, wherein the tuning section comprises a waveguide and a material of the waveguide includes a plurality of quantum dots.
 4. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 2, wherein the tuneable section comprises a distributed Bragg reflector.
 5. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 4, wherein the distributed Bragg reflector is formed between two layers of different refractive indices and a plurality of quantum dots is provided in one of the layers between which the Bragg grating is formed.
 6. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a phase change section, wherein the phase change section is a tuneable section.
 7. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the semiconductor material is a III-V semiconductor material.
 8. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 7, wherein the III-V semiconductor material is based on a system selected from one of GaAs, InAs based materials and InP based materials.
 9. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the laser is a three or four section laser, or has more than four sections.
 10. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantum dots are self-assembled quantum dots.
 11. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 10, wherein the self-assembled quantum dots are formed of an InAs based material in a host GaAs based semiconductor material.
 12. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 11, wherein the host material is formed on a GaAs substrate.
 13. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 10, wherein the self-assembled quantum dots are formed of an InGaAs based material in a host GaAs based semiconductor material.
 14. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 13, wherein the host material is formed on a GaAs substrate.
 15. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 10, wherein the self-assembled quantum dots are formed of an InAs based material in a host InGaAsP based semiconductor material.
 16. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 15, wherein the host material is formed on an InP substrate.
 17. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 10, wherein the self-assembled quantum dots are formed of an InGaAs based material in a host InGaAsP based semiconductor material.
 18. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 17, wherein the host material is formed on an InP substrate.
 19. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 1, wherein any the quantum dots are formed by a chemical etching process.
 20. A tuneable laser as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of layers of quantum dots.
 21. A method of operating a tuneable laser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the laser has a forward bias with a p-layer of the laser connected positively and an n-layer connected negatively. 